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North Korea / Going to North Korea
« Last post by Tysh on February 20, 2018, 03:24:42 pm »Just a curiosity, for all of those who like Korea, would you like to visit the Northern part of the peninsula?
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2
Online KPOP radios / Rádio Radical
« Last post by Tysh on February 19, 2018, 03:40:39 pm »Site: http://www.radioradical.pt/home/
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3
Online KPOP radios / Rádio ‘The Shock of the New Era’
« Last post by Tysh on February 19, 2018, 03:35:00 pm »6
Kpop groups / Dreamcatcher
« Last post by Tysh on February 19, 2018, 03:24:40 pm »Kr: 드림캐쳐
Year: 13 January 2017
7 Members:
JiU, SuA, Siyeon, Handong, Yoohyeon, Dami e Gahyeon
Former MINX by Happy Face Entertainment
Albums:
Single albums:
Shows:
Year: 13 January 2017
7 Members:
JiU, SuA, Siyeon, Handong, Yoohyeon, Dami e Gahyeon
Former MINX by Happy Face Entertainment
Albums:
Single albums:
Shows:
7
North Korea / Curiosities
« Last post by Tysh on February 19, 2018, 03:17:00 pm »They think North Korea invented the hamburguers
8
North Korea / Info
« Last post by Tysh on February 19, 2018, 03:16:01 pm »Democratic People's Republic of Korea
INTRODUCTION
The Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or NORTH KOREA , is one of the world's last hard-line Communist nations. Since its creation in 1948, North Korea has been extremely hostile toward Western nations, especially the United States, and has isolated itself from most of the world. The fall of Communism in Eastern Europe in 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 has deprived North Korea of many important allies and trading markets.
Since the end of the Korean War in 1953, North Korea has pursued, both through violence and peaceful negotiations, reunification with neighboring South Korea. On September 17, 1991, North Korea was granted a seat in the United Nations along with South Korea and five other nations. The North Koreans had previously been barred from membership because of their opposition to a separate seat for South Korea. The two countries signed an historic nonaggression pact on December 13, 1991. The pact called for a relaxation of trade and travel restrictions and allowed the construction of telephone and postal services between North and South Korea. The accord has allowed the reunification of families separated since the end of the Korean War. On December 31, 1991, North Korea and South Korea signed an agreement that banned the production of nuclear weapons by either country. The new openness between the two Koreas has renewed the hope that a political reunification of the Korean peninsula will eventually occur.
MAJOR CITIES
Pyongyang
The capital city of North Korea, Pyongyang, is located on the Taedong River and is roughly 30 miles (48 km) from the Yellow Sea. Although North Korea is very mountainous, Pyongyang is situated on a flat, open plain. Because it receives no protection from mountains or hills, Pyongyang is buffeted by bitterly cold winds during the winter. Temperatures during the winter are generally very cold, averaging 17°F (-8°C) in January. The temperature in Pyongyang is rather pleasant during the summer with highs around 70°F (21°C).
Pyongyang is an ancient city, its origin dating back to 1122 B.C. In that year, a Chinese-born scholar named Kija established a kingdom with Pyongyang as its capital. The city quickly became a center for agriculture and textile manufacturing. Pyongyang was controlled by Kija and his successors for nearly one thousand years. In 108 B.C., Pyongyang was attacked and captured by Chinese armies. Under the Chinese, the city became an important trading center. By 427 A.D., Pyongyang became the capital of the Koguryo, a culturally advanced and warlike people. The Koguryo kingdom controlled Pyongyang until 668, when they were attacked and conquered by the Silla kingdom. The Sillas ruled in Pyongyang until 918, when the city was captured by the Koryo dynasty. The Koryos established Kaesong as their capital and made Pyongyang a secondary capital. The Mongols attacked the Koryos and seized control of Pyongyang in 1392. The city again changed hands in 1592 following an invasion by Japan. In 1627, Pyongyang was destroyed when the Manchus overran Korea and defeated the Japanese. Following the Manchu invasions, Korea was closed to all foreigners. When foreigners were allowed to return nearly 200 years later, Pyongyang became a major religious center for Christian missionaries. In 1895, the city was a battleground for the warring armies of China and Japan. Pyongyang was decimated. When Korea became a colony of Japan in 1910, the Japanese rebuilt Pyongyang and established several industries in the city. During the Korean War (1950-1953), Pyongyang was totally destroyed for the third time in its history. Following the war, the city was rebuilt with the help of Chinese and Soviet financial aid.
Pyongyang is North Korea's largest city, with an estimated population of 2,484,000 in 2000. The North Korean government has touted Pyongyang as a workers' paradise and a model for socialist progress. The city has block after block of modern apartment buildings, tree-lined streets, handsome boulevards, theaters, parks, and a zoo. Most of North Korea's libraries and museums, two modern sports stadiums, and several opera houses and cultural centers are located in Pyongyang. The city has several lavish statues and monuments honoring North Korea's leader, Kim Il-sung. Among them are a 60-foot tall bronze statue that, when floodlighted at night, is visible for miles. From 1986-1988, the North Korean government spent between $4 and $7 billion on the construction of luxury hotels, sporting facilities, and athlete villages in Pyongyang in an unsuccessful bid to jointly host the 1988 Summer Olympics with Seoul, South Korea. This construction boom nearly bankrupted the country and many of the building projects were never completed.
Although Pyongyang has many of the trappings of a modern, vibrant city, it is often described by visitors as drab and lifeless. The streets of Pyongyang are often devoid of cars, bicycles, pets, and people. Those who are on the streets go about their business without smiling or making eye contact. Apartments are often very cramped, some with only one toilet for every two floors. The lives of Pyongyang residents are tightly regimented. Individual expression and creativity are discouraged.
Western entertainment, such as movies or dancing, is nonexistent in Pyongyang. Hotels, inns, restaurants, barbershops, beauty parlors, public baths, tailor shops, and laun-dries are owned and controlled by the State. Restaurants open at noon and generally do not remain open late in the evening. Only a simple meal is offered by restaurants. Diners may choose between a rice meal, rice mixed with another grain, or a noodle dish. Very few restaurants offer meat or eggs, as these are scarce and very expensive. In the few existing barbershops, each barber is expected to give about 20 haircuts each day. Beauty parlors and laundries are reserved for the wives of high government officials.
Pyongyang is one of North Korea's major industrial centers, its factories powered by coal from the nearby deposits along the Taedong River. The city's industrial base is comprised of iron and steel mills, sugar refineries, rubber factories, textile mills, and ceramics factories. Chemicals, processed food, and electrical equipment are also produced in Pyongyang.
(...)
Most of North Korea's major educational institutions are located in Pyongyang. The city's largest university, Kim Il-sung University, was founded in 1946 and is located on the outskirts of Pyongyang overlooking the Taedong River. Admission to Kim Il-sung University is widely regarded as one of the highest honors to be attained by a North Korean youth. The university's departments include mathematics and dynamics, physics, chemistry, biology, history, economics, philosophy, law, Korean language and literature, and foreign language and literature. Pyongyang is also the home of the Pyongyang Pedagogical University. This university is responsible for training teachers for technical schools and universities. Pyongyang Pedagogical University offers postgraduate courses, research facilities, and a library. The university library is North Korea's central repository for educational publications and materials. Copies of all publications and materials relating to the study of education and textbooks are kept here for educational research purposes. North Korea's principal medical school, Pyongyang Medical College, is also located in the capital.
(...)
COUNTRY PROFILE
(...)
Population
Koreans are a racially and linguistically homogenous people. In 2000, North Korea's population was estimated at approximately 21,690,000. Although there are no indigenous minorities, a small community of approximately 50,000 Chinese reside in North Korea. Traditional Korean religions are Buddhism, Confucianism, Shamanism, and Chondokyo, a religion peculiar to Korea combining elements of Buddhism and Christianity. However, religious activity in North Korea is practically nonexistent. Several government-sponsored religious groups exist to provide the illusion of religious freedom. North Koreans are encouraged to embrace juche, a state ideology which espouses self-reliance and national identity, as a substitute for organized religion.
Life expectancy in North Korea is approximately 68 years for males and 74 years for females (2001 est.).
History
According to legend, the god-king Tangun founded the Korean nation in 2333 B.C., after which his descendants reigned over a peaceful kingdom for more than a millennium. By the first century A.D., the Korean Peninsula, know as Chosun ("morning calm"), was divided into the kingdoms of Silla, Koguryo, and Paekche. In A.D. 668, the Silla kingdom unified the peninsula. The Koryo dynasty succeeded the Silla kingdom in 918. The Yi dynasty, which supplanted Koryo in 1392, lasted until the Japanese annexed Korea in 1910.
Throughout most of its history, Korea has been invaded, influenced, and fought over by its larger neighbors. Korea was under Mongolian occupation from 1231 until the early 14th century and was devastated by a large number of Chinese rebel armies in 1359 and 1361; Hideyoshi launched major Japanese invasions in 1592 and 1597. To protect themselves from such frequent buffeting, the Yi kings finally adopted a closed-door policy, earning Korea the title of "Hermit Kingdom." Although the Yi dynasty paid nominal fealty to the Chinese throne, Korea was, in fact, independent until the late 19th century. At that time, Japanese, Chinese, and Russian competition in Northeast Asia led to armed conflict. Having defeated its two competitors, Japan established dominance in Korea. The Japanese colonial era was characterized by tight control by Tokyo and by ruthless efforts to replace the Korean language and culture with those of the colonial power. Japan formally annexed Korea in 1910.
Japan occupied the entire Korean peninsula until the end of World War II. After the surrender and withdrawal of Japanese forces in 1945, the Allies divided Korea into two occupation zones. Soviet troops occupied areas north of the 38th parallel. Territory south of this line was controlled by American forces. The Soviet Union and the United States engaged in a series of conferences in an attempt to agree on a new government for the entire Korean peninsula. These efforts were fruitless. In September 1947, the United States submitted the question of Korea's future to the United Nations General Assembly. The General Assembly ruled that U.N.-supervised elections should be held in both occupation zones. Elections were carried out under U.N. observation in the south, and on August 15, 1948, the Republic of Korea (South Korea) was established. The Soviets refused to hold elections and decided to create a Communist state in the northern zone. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) was declared on September 9, 1948. The governing body for this new state was the Korean Workers' Party, under the leadership of Kim Il-sung.
On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces invaded South Korea. The United States and sixteen U.N. member nations sent troops to defend South Korea. North Korean forces were initially successful, driving the U.N. forces back and nearly conquering all of South Korea. However, after a surprise landing at Inchon, South Korea, U.N. forces gained the upper hand and drove North Korean troops back to the North Korea-China border. The Chinese sent thousands of troops across the border, forcing U.N. troops back down the Korean peninsula. A bloody conflict was waged for control of Korea. On July 27, 1953, an armistice was signed at Panmunjom by China, North Korea, South Korea, and the United States. No formal peace agreement officially ending the war has ever been signed between the two warring factions. Therefore, the border between North Korea and South Korea remains one of the most volatile regions in the world.
Government
North Korea is a Communist state dominated by the Korean Workers' Party. Kim Il-sung, ruled North Korea at its creation in 1948, wielding unrivaled power. Often referred to as the "Great Leader," Kim was president of North Korea and general secretary of the Korean Workers' Party. Following his death, his son, Kim Jong Il, inherited supreme power. Kim Jong Il was named General Secretary of the Korean Workers' Party in October 1997, and in September 1998, he was recon-firmed Kim Jong Il as Chairman of the National Defense Commission, a position which was then declared "highest office of state."
(...)
Arts, Science, Education
A strong emphasis on working while learning, or the integration of theory and practice, permeates the educational system, and all students are required to engage in productive labor along with their studies, both in their specialties and in other areas, for nominal pay. This is a means whereby the regime is reimbursed for educational costs.
The North Korean government stresses the elimination of Confucian methods of learning by rote and emphasizes instead full use of practical experiments in the laboratory, in the field, and in work experience. Excursion trips to military installations and old battlefields, industries, and other points of interest are among the techniques used. Speech and composition contests, debate meetings on scientific subjects, exhibitions of the arts, contests on new inventions and new designs, story-telling and poem recital meetings, music auditions, art contests, athletic meets, and motion picture appreciation gatherings are among the devices used by the schools to keep students interested and occupied in practical ways. Students are also assigned to such group projects as rabbit raising, fire prevention, and assisting the public health services.
The curriculum of North Korea's educational system includes a heavy emphasis on Communist ideology and combines Korean studies with Marxist-Leninist principles. Principal subjects include scientific subjects, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology; and social science subjects.
Eleven years of education are required for North Korean children and are provided at government expense. Students receive one year of preschool, four years of primary school beginning at age six, and six years of secondary school.
All students are required to study English as a second language beginning at age fourteen. The literacy rate in North Korea is approximately 99%.
Commerce and Industry
The economic system of North Korea was inspired by the model used in the former Soviet Union.
Agricultural productivity is centered around State-controlled (collectivized) farms. Despite the use of improved seed varieties, expansion of irrigation, and the heavy use of fertilizers, North Korea has not yet become self-sufficient in food production. Four consecutive years of poor harvests, coupled with distribution problems, have led to chronic food shortages.
North Korea has abundant hydroelectric resources and is rich in minerals, especially uranium, zinc, coal, lead, iron ore, graphite, manganese, copper, and gold. Minerals and mineral ores are North Korea's primary exports. Since 1995, Japan and China have been major trading partners, followed by South Korea and Germany.
(...)
Transportation
International passenger rail service is available from Pyongyang to Beijing and Moscow.
Motor transportation plays a secondary role in the movement of freight and passengers. Very few North Koreans own cars. Also, seasonal factors make motor transportation impractical. Since most roads are unpaved, early snows in the winter and rainfall during the summer make roads impassable. Modern highways link Pyongyang to the cities of Namp'o, Wonsan, and Kae-song. As of 1989, North Korea had approximately 18,630 miles (30,000 km) of roadway.
(...)
Health and Medicine
Persons with medical problems should be aware that, because of continuing economic hardship, the level of medical care falls far below U.S. standards, and medical care for Americans who become ill or injured in North Korea, including emergency medical evacuation, is generally not available. Hospitals in Pyongyang and other cities often lack heat, medicine, and even basic supplies, and suffer from frequent power outages. Hospitals do not have food for patients.
NOTES FOR TRAVELERS U.S. travellers
(...)
Prospective travelers to North Korea must obtain in advance a Chinese visa valid for at least two entries prior to their arrival in the region. A valid Chinese visa is essential for both entry into China en route to North Korea, as well as departure from North Korea by air or land to China at the conclusion of a visit or in an emergency. Travel across the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between North and South Korea is not permitted. U.S. citizens who arrive in North Korea without a valid U.S. passport and North Korean visa may be detained, arrested, fined or denied entry. Payment for travel costs by Americans in North Korea must be made in U.S. dollars at inflated prices. Payment may be required as well for the costs of security personnel assigned to escort foreign visitors.
(...)
There is no North Korean embassy or consulate in the United States. U.S. citizens and residents planning travel to North Korea must obtain North Korean visas in third countries.
(...)
In addition, travelers should bring food with them to North Korea as the few restaurants available to foreigners are often closed for lack of supplies and in any case have limited menus that lack variety and nutritional adequacy.
(...)
LOCAL HOLIDAYS
Jan. 1 & 2… New Year's Day
Feb. … Sollal (Chinese New Year)*
Feb/Mar. … Taeborum (Lantern Festival)*
Feb. 16 … Kim Jong-il's Birthday
Mar. 1 … Anti-Japanese Uprising Day
Mar. 8 … International Women's Day
Apr/May … Buddha's Birthday*
Apr. 15 … Kim Il-sung's Birthday
May 1 … May Day
June 1… Children's Day
June 6… Young Pioneers of Korea Day
June 25… Fatherland Liberation War Day
July 27 … Victory Day
Aug. 15 … Liberation Day
Sept/Oct. … Ch'ilsok (Harvest Moon Festival)*
Sept. 9… Independence Day
Oct. 10 … Korean Workers's Party Day
Nov. 3 … Kwangju Student Uprising Day
Nov. 7 … October Revolution Day
Dec. 27 … Constitution Day
*variable"
-https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/korean-political-geography/north-korea
INTRODUCTION
The Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or NORTH KOREA , is one of the world's last hard-line Communist nations. Since its creation in 1948, North Korea has been extremely hostile toward Western nations, especially the United States, and has isolated itself from most of the world. The fall of Communism in Eastern Europe in 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 has deprived North Korea of many important allies and trading markets.
Since the end of the Korean War in 1953, North Korea has pursued, both through violence and peaceful negotiations, reunification with neighboring South Korea. On September 17, 1991, North Korea was granted a seat in the United Nations along with South Korea and five other nations. The North Koreans had previously been barred from membership because of their opposition to a separate seat for South Korea. The two countries signed an historic nonaggression pact on December 13, 1991. The pact called for a relaxation of trade and travel restrictions and allowed the construction of telephone and postal services between North and South Korea. The accord has allowed the reunification of families separated since the end of the Korean War. On December 31, 1991, North Korea and South Korea signed an agreement that banned the production of nuclear weapons by either country. The new openness between the two Koreas has renewed the hope that a political reunification of the Korean peninsula will eventually occur.
MAJOR CITIES
Pyongyang
The capital city of North Korea, Pyongyang, is located on the Taedong River and is roughly 30 miles (48 km) from the Yellow Sea. Although North Korea is very mountainous, Pyongyang is situated on a flat, open plain. Because it receives no protection from mountains or hills, Pyongyang is buffeted by bitterly cold winds during the winter. Temperatures during the winter are generally very cold, averaging 17°F (-8°C) in January. The temperature in Pyongyang is rather pleasant during the summer with highs around 70°F (21°C).
Pyongyang is an ancient city, its origin dating back to 1122 B.C. In that year, a Chinese-born scholar named Kija established a kingdom with Pyongyang as its capital. The city quickly became a center for agriculture and textile manufacturing. Pyongyang was controlled by Kija and his successors for nearly one thousand years. In 108 B.C., Pyongyang was attacked and captured by Chinese armies. Under the Chinese, the city became an important trading center. By 427 A.D., Pyongyang became the capital of the Koguryo, a culturally advanced and warlike people. The Koguryo kingdom controlled Pyongyang until 668, when they were attacked and conquered by the Silla kingdom. The Sillas ruled in Pyongyang until 918, when the city was captured by the Koryo dynasty. The Koryos established Kaesong as their capital and made Pyongyang a secondary capital. The Mongols attacked the Koryos and seized control of Pyongyang in 1392. The city again changed hands in 1592 following an invasion by Japan. In 1627, Pyongyang was destroyed when the Manchus overran Korea and defeated the Japanese. Following the Manchu invasions, Korea was closed to all foreigners. When foreigners were allowed to return nearly 200 years later, Pyongyang became a major religious center for Christian missionaries. In 1895, the city was a battleground for the warring armies of China and Japan. Pyongyang was decimated. When Korea became a colony of Japan in 1910, the Japanese rebuilt Pyongyang and established several industries in the city. During the Korean War (1950-1953), Pyongyang was totally destroyed for the third time in its history. Following the war, the city was rebuilt with the help of Chinese and Soviet financial aid.
Pyongyang is North Korea's largest city, with an estimated population of 2,484,000 in 2000. The North Korean government has touted Pyongyang as a workers' paradise and a model for socialist progress. The city has block after block of modern apartment buildings, tree-lined streets, handsome boulevards, theaters, parks, and a zoo. Most of North Korea's libraries and museums, two modern sports stadiums, and several opera houses and cultural centers are located in Pyongyang. The city has several lavish statues and monuments honoring North Korea's leader, Kim Il-sung. Among them are a 60-foot tall bronze statue that, when floodlighted at night, is visible for miles. From 1986-1988, the North Korean government spent between $4 and $7 billion on the construction of luxury hotels, sporting facilities, and athlete villages in Pyongyang in an unsuccessful bid to jointly host the 1988 Summer Olympics with Seoul, South Korea. This construction boom nearly bankrupted the country and many of the building projects were never completed.
Although Pyongyang has many of the trappings of a modern, vibrant city, it is often described by visitors as drab and lifeless. The streets of Pyongyang are often devoid of cars, bicycles, pets, and people. Those who are on the streets go about their business without smiling or making eye contact. Apartments are often very cramped, some with only one toilet for every two floors. The lives of Pyongyang residents are tightly regimented. Individual expression and creativity are discouraged.
Western entertainment, such as movies or dancing, is nonexistent in Pyongyang. Hotels, inns, restaurants, barbershops, beauty parlors, public baths, tailor shops, and laun-dries are owned and controlled by the State. Restaurants open at noon and generally do not remain open late in the evening. Only a simple meal is offered by restaurants. Diners may choose between a rice meal, rice mixed with another grain, or a noodle dish. Very few restaurants offer meat or eggs, as these are scarce and very expensive. In the few existing barbershops, each barber is expected to give about 20 haircuts each day. Beauty parlors and laundries are reserved for the wives of high government officials.
Pyongyang is one of North Korea's major industrial centers, its factories powered by coal from the nearby deposits along the Taedong River. The city's industrial base is comprised of iron and steel mills, sugar refineries, rubber factories, textile mills, and ceramics factories. Chemicals, processed food, and electrical equipment are also produced in Pyongyang.
(...)
Most of North Korea's major educational institutions are located in Pyongyang. The city's largest university, Kim Il-sung University, was founded in 1946 and is located on the outskirts of Pyongyang overlooking the Taedong River. Admission to Kim Il-sung University is widely regarded as one of the highest honors to be attained by a North Korean youth. The university's departments include mathematics and dynamics, physics, chemistry, biology, history, economics, philosophy, law, Korean language and literature, and foreign language and literature. Pyongyang is also the home of the Pyongyang Pedagogical University. This university is responsible for training teachers for technical schools and universities. Pyongyang Pedagogical University offers postgraduate courses, research facilities, and a library. The university library is North Korea's central repository for educational publications and materials. Copies of all publications and materials relating to the study of education and textbooks are kept here for educational research purposes. North Korea's principal medical school, Pyongyang Medical College, is also located in the capital.
(...)
COUNTRY PROFILE
(...)
Population
Koreans are a racially and linguistically homogenous people. In 2000, North Korea's population was estimated at approximately 21,690,000. Although there are no indigenous minorities, a small community of approximately 50,000 Chinese reside in North Korea. Traditional Korean religions are Buddhism, Confucianism, Shamanism, and Chondokyo, a religion peculiar to Korea combining elements of Buddhism and Christianity. However, religious activity in North Korea is practically nonexistent. Several government-sponsored religious groups exist to provide the illusion of religious freedom. North Koreans are encouraged to embrace juche, a state ideology which espouses self-reliance and national identity, as a substitute for organized religion.
Life expectancy in North Korea is approximately 68 years for males and 74 years for females (2001 est.).
History
According to legend, the god-king Tangun founded the Korean nation in 2333 B.C., after which his descendants reigned over a peaceful kingdom for more than a millennium. By the first century A.D., the Korean Peninsula, know as Chosun ("morning calm"), was divided into the kingdoms of Silla, Koguryo, and Paekche. In A.D. 668, the Silla kingdom unified the peninsula. The Koryo dynasty succeeded the Silla kingdom in 918. The Yi dynasty, which supplanted Koryo in 1392, lasted until the Japanese annexed Korea in 1910.
Throughout most of its history, Korea has been invaded, influenced, and fought over by its larger neighbors. Korea was under Mongolian occupation from 1231 until the early 14th century and was devastated by a large number of Chinese rebel armies in 1359 and 1361; Hideyoshi launched major Japanese invasions in 1592 and 1597. To protect themselves from such frequent buffeting, the Yi kings finally adopted a closed-door policy, earning Korea the title of "Hermit Kingdom." Although the Yi dynasty paid nominal fealty to the Chinese throne, Korea was, in fact, independent until the late 19th century. At that time, Japanese, Chinese, and Russian competition in Northeast Asia led to armed conflict. Having defeated its two competitors, Japan established dominance in Korea. The Japanese colonial era was characterized by tight control by Tokyo and by ruthless efforts to replace the Korean language and culture with those of the colonial power. Japan formally annexed Korea in 1910.
Japan occupied the entire Korean peninsula until the end of World War II. After the surrender and withdrawal of Japanese forces in 1945, the Allies divided Korea into two occupation zones. Soviet troops occupied areas north of the 38th parallel. Territory south of this line was controlled by American forces. The Soviet Union and the United States engaged in a series of conferences in an attempt to agree on a new government for the entire Korean peninsula. These efforts were fruitless. In September 1947, the United States submitted the question of Korea's future to the United Nations General Assembly. The General Assembly ruled that U.N.-supervised elections should be held in both occupation zones. Elections were carried out under U.N. observation in the south, and on August 15, 1948, the Republic of Korea (South Korea) was established. The Soviets refused to hold elections and decided to create a Communist state in the northern zone. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) was declared on September 9, 1948. The governing body for this new state was the Korean Workers' Party, under the leadership of Kim Il-sung.
On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces invaded South Korea. The United States and sixteen U.N. member nations sent troops to defend South Korea. North Korean forces were initially successful, driving the U.N. forces back and nearly conquering all of South Korea. However, after a surprise landing at Inchon, South Korea, U.N. forces gained the upper hand and drove North Korean troops back to the North Korea-China border. The Chinese sent thousands of troops across the border, forcing U.N. troops back down the Korean peninsula. A bloody conflict was waged for control of Korea. On July 27, 1953, an armistice was signed at Panmunjom by China, North Korea, South Korea, and the United States. No formal peace agreement officially ending the war has ever been signed between the two warring factions. Therefore, the border between North Korea and South Korea remains one of the most volatile regions in the world.
Government
North Korea is a Communist state dominated by the Korean Workers' Party. Kim Il-sung, ruled North Korea at its creation in 1948, wielding unrivaled power. Often referred to as the "Great Leader," Kim was president of North Korea and general secretary of the Korean Workers' Party. Following his death, his son, Kim Jong Il, inherited supreme power. Kim Jong Il was named General Secretary of the Korean Workers' Party in October 1997, and in September 1998, he was recon-firmed Kim Jong Il as Chairman of the National Defense Commission, a position which was then declared "highest office of state."
(...)
Arts, Science, Education
A strong emphasis on working while learning, or the integration of theory and practice, permeates the educational system, and all students are required to engage in productive labor along with their studies, both in their specialties and in other areas, for nominal pay. This is a means whereby the regime is reimbursed for educational costs.
The North Korean government stresses the elimination of Confucian methods of learning by rote and emphasizes instead full use of practical experiments in the laboratory, in the field, and in work experience. Excursion trips to military installations and old battlefields, industries, and other points of interest are among the techniques used. Speech and composition contests, debate meetings on scientific subjects, exhibitions of the arts, contests on new inventions and new designs, story-telling and poem recital meetings, music auditions, art contests, athletic meets, and motion picture appreciation gatherings are among the devices used by the schools to keep students interested and occupied in practical ways. Students are also assigned to such group projects as rabbit raising, fire prevention, and assisting the public health services.
The curriculum of North Korea's educational system includes a heavy emphasis on Communist ideology and combines Korean studies with Marxist-Leninist principles. Principal subjects include scientific subjects, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology; and social science subjects.
Eleven years of education are required for North Korean children and are provided at government expense. Students receive one year of preschool, four years of primary school beginning at age six, and six years of secondary school.
All students are required to study English as a second language beginning at age fourteen. The literacy rate in North Korea is approximately 99%.
Commerce and Industry
The economic system of North Korea was inspired by the model used in the former Soviet Union.
Agricultural productivity is centered around State-controlled (collectivized) farms. Despite the use of improved seed varieties, expansion of irrigation, and the heavy use of fertilizers, North Korea has not yet become self-sufficient in food production. Four consecutive years of poor harvests, coupled with distribution problems, have led to chronic food shortages.
North Korea has abundant hydroelectric resources and is rich in minerals, especially uranium, zinc, coal, lead, iron ore, graphite, manganese, copper, and gold. Minerals and mineral ores are North Korea's primary exports. Since 1995, Japan and China have been major trading partners, followed by South Korea and Germany.
(...)
Transportation
International passenger rail service is available from Pyongyang to Beijing and Moscow.
Motor transportation plays a secondary role in the movement of freight and passengers. Very few North Koreans own cars. Also, seasonal factors make motor transportation impractical. Since most roads are unpaved, early snows in the winter and rainfall during the summer make roads impassable. Modern highways link Pyongyang to the cities of Namp'o, Wonsan, and Kae-song. As of 1989, North Korea had approximately 18,630 miles (30,000 km) of roadway.
(...)
Health and Medicine
Persons with medical problems should be aware that, because of continuing economic hardship, the level of medical care falls far below U.S. standards, and medical care for Americans who become ill or injured in North Korea, including emergency medical evacuation, is generally not available. Hospitals in Pyongyang and other cities often lack heat, medicine, and even basic supplies, and suffer from frequent power outages. Hospitals do not have food for patients.
NOTES FOR TRAVELERS U.S. travellers
(...)
Prospective travelers to North Korea must obtain in advance a Chinese visa valid for at least two entries prior to their arrival in the region. A valid Chinese visa is essential for both entry into China en route to North Korea, as well as departure from North Korea by air or land to China at the conclusion of a visit or in an emergency. Travel across the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between North and South Korea is not permitted. U.S. citizens who arrive in North Korea without a valid U.S. passport and North Korean visa may be detained, arrested, fined or denied entry. Payment for travel costs by Americans in North Korea must be made in U.S. dollars at inflated prices. Payment may be required as well for the costs of security personnel assigned to escort foreign visitors.
(...)
There is no North Korean embassy or consulate in the United States. U.S. citizens and residents planning travel to North Korea must obtain North Korean visas in third countries.
(...)
In addition, travelers should bring food with them to North Korea as the few restaurants available to foreigners are often closed for lack of supplies and in any case have limited menus that lack variety and nutritional adequacy.
(...)
LOCAL HOLIDAYS
Jan. 1 & 2… New Year's Day
Feb. … Sollal (Chinese New Year)*
Feb/Mar. … Taeborum (Lantern Festival)*
Feb. 16 … Kim Jong-il's Birthday
Mar. 1 … Anti-Japanese Uprising Day
Mar. 8 … International Women's Day
Apr/May … Buddha's Birthday*
Apr. 15 … Kim Il-sung's Birthday
May 1 … May Day
June 1… Children's Day
June 6… Young Pioneers of Korea Day
June 25… Fatherland Liberation War Day
July 27 … Victory Day
Aug. 15 … Liberation Day
Sept/Oct. … Ch'ilsok (Harvest Moon Festival)*
Sept. 9… Independence Day
Oct. 10 … Korean Workers's Party Day
Nov. 3 … Kwangju Student Uprising Day
Nov. 7 … October Revolution Day
Dec. 27 … Constitution Day
*variable"
-https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/korean-political-geography/north-korea
9
General info / Data 2009 (update needed)
« Last post by Tysh on February 19, 2018, 03:14:07 pm »"Presidente: Lee Myung Bak
Primeiro Ministro: Han Seung Soo
Independência do Japão: Declarada em 01 de Março de 1919, mas apenas liberta em 15 de Outubro de 1945.
População: 48.379.392 (Estimativa de Julho de 2008)
Capital: Seul (서울)
Língua: Coreano
Religião: Cristianismo 26.3% (Protestante 19.7%, Católicos 6.6%), Budismo 23.2%, outros ou desconhecidos 1.3%, Ateu 49.3%.
Moeda: Won
História:
A península da Coréia (formada pela Coréia do Norte e do Sul) está localizada no noroeste da Ásia e faz divisa com a China e a Rússia, ao norte, e com o Oceano Pacífico e o Japão, a leste e sul.
Imagem por Folha Online
Imagem por Folha Online
Historiadores garantem que os primeiros habitantes chegaram à Coréia há 500 mil anos. Em 2333 a.C. Dan-Gun (considerado o pai da civilização coreana) fundou o primeiro reino da Coréia. O país foi sendo construído com uma cultura altamente sofisticada e sob valores éticos e morais, que fizeram os vizinhos chamá-los de “Civilizada Terra do Leste” ou “Reino do Diamante”.
단군(Dan-Gun)
단군(Dan-Gun), pai da civilização coreana. Imagem por Daum Blog.
Várias dinastias dominaram a Coréia, sendo a mais emblemática delas a dinastia Joseon, que comandou o país entre 1392 e 1910. Muitos dos ícones da cultura sul-coreana foram construídos neste período.
Em agosto de 1948 a península do Coréia foi dividida em duas repúblicas: República da Coréia (Coréia do Sul) e a República Popular Democrática da Coréia (Coréia do Norte). Começou assim a Guerra da Coréia.
Guerra da Coréia
A Guerra da Coreia foi travada entre 25 de Junho de 1950 e 27 de Julho de 1953, de um lado a Coréia do Sul e seus aliados, que incluíam os Estados Unidos da América e o Reino Unido, e do outro a Coréia do Norte, apoiada pela República Popular da China e pela antiga União Soviética. O resultado foi a manutenção da divisão da península da Coréia em dois países, que dura até aos dias de hoje.
A península da Coreia é cortada pelo paralelo 38° N, uma linha demarcatória que divide dois exércitos, dois Estados: a República da Coreia, a sul, e a República Popular Democrática da Coreia, a norte. Essa demarcação, existente desde 1945 por um acordo entre os governos de Moscou e Washington, dividiu o povo coreano em dois sistemas políticos opostos: no norte o comunismo apoiado pela União Soviética, e, no sul, o capitalismo apoiado pelos Estados Unidos.
Em 3 de Julho de 1950, depois de várias tentativas para derrubar o governo do sul, a Coreia do Norte ataca de surpresa e toma Seul, a capital. […] Em Setembro, as forças das Nações Unidas começam uma ambiciosa ofensiva para retomar a costa oeste, ocupada pelo exército norte-coreano. No dia 15 desse mês, chegam com certa facilidade a Incheon, perto de Seul, e algumas horas depois entram na cidade ocupada. Os setenta mil soldados norte-coreanos são vencidos pelos cento e quarenta mil soldados das Nações Unidas. Cinco dias depois, exatamente três meses após o início das hostilidades, Seul é libertada. […] No primeiro dia de Outubro, as forças internacionais violam a fronteira do paralelo 38, como os coreanos haviam feito, e avançam para a Coreia do Norte.
Durante quase três anos, o povo coreano, uma das mais notáveis culturas da Ásia, foi envolvido em uma brutal guerra fratricida, violentíssima de ambos os lados.
Em 23 de Junho começam as negociações de paz, que duram dois anos e resultam num acordo assinado em Panmunjon, em 27 de Julho de 1953.
O único resultado é o cessar-fogo. Na guerra coreana morreram cerca de três milhões e meio de pessoas. O tratado de paz ainda não foi assinado, e a Coreia continua dividida em Norte e Sul.
República Popular Democrática da Coréia (Coréia do Norte)
조선 민주주의 인민 공화국 (República Democrática Popular da Coreia)
조선 민주주의 인민 공화국 (República Democrática Popular da Coreia)
A bandeira nacional da Coreia do Norte foi adoptada em 8 de Setembro de 1948 . A cor azul simboliza o desejo do povo pela paz A cor vermelha representa o espírito revolucionário e a luta pelo Socialismo. A cor branca simboliza a pureza dos ideais da Coréia do Norte e a soberania nacional. A estrela de 5 pontas representa a esperança de construir o Socialismo sob a liderança do Partido do Trabalho da Córeia.
A República Popular Democrática da Coreia é uma ditadura proletária estabelecida por Kim Il-sung desde o final da década de 1940 até a sua morte, em 1994, quando o cargo de líder máximo passa para seu filho, Kim Jong Il.
김정일 (Kim Jong Il) - Fonte: Daum Blog
김정일 (Kim Jong Il) - Fonte: Daum Blog
Pela estrutura política, […] pode-se bem afirmar que a Coreia do Norte é o último país stalinista do planeta, pois adota um sistema de governo muito similar àquele adotado na União Soviética durante a ditadura de Josef Stalin. Como tal, promove repressões políticas aos opositores, prendendo-os, torturando-os, executando-os ou enviando-os aos campos de trabalho forçado, os chamados gulags.
A Coreia do Norte assinou com os EUA em 1999 um acordo pelo qual os norte-coreanos abriam mão do seu programa nuclear em troca de combustível enviado, porém sob a administração de George W. Bush os EUA descumpriram sua parte do acordo, o que combinado com um crescimento das hostilidades da potência norte-americana, levou a Coréia do Norte a acelerar o seu programa nuclear.
O país afirmou ter o direito de testar tais mísseis, pois é um país soberano. O Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas adotou dia 15 de julho daquele ano uma resolução impondo sanções à Coreia do Norte por seus testes de mísseis. Em 9 de Outubro de 2006, a Coréia do Norte teria realizado um teste subterrâneo de um artefato nuclear. Dias depois, as sanções voltaram em vigor, pois o Conselho de Segurança da ONU considerou uma ameaça à paz mundial. Até a China, principal aliada da Coréia do Norte, apoiou a implantação das sanções.
Após adiar a operação por um dia, a Coréia do Norte lançou no dia 5 de Abril de 2009 um foguete de longo alcance que teoricamente estaria levando um satélite de comunicações à órbita da Terra, levando tensão à Ásia.
A ação norte-coreana foi confirmada por diversas fontes, como o governo da Coréia do Sul, agência local “Yonhap” e a rede de TV sul-coreana KBS. A informação foi confirmada em seguida pelo Departamento de Estado dos EUA, governo japonês e a agência de notícias japonesa Kyodo. A operação foi registrada pelos radares do sistema de defesa da Rússia, instalados no Extremo Oriente.
A cultura contemporânea da Coréia do Norte é baseada na cultura tradicional da Coreia, mas desenvolvida desde o estabelecimento da Coréia do Norte em 1948. Os coreanos são aptos a desenvolver uma cultura única, enquanto adotam e influenciam culturas vizinhas por 3.000 anos.
A população da Coréia do Norte é uma das populações mais homogéneas do mundo, étnica e linguisticamente, incluindo apenas pequenas comunidades chinesas e japonesas. A língua coreana não faz parte de nenhuma família linguística maior, embora se investiguem possíveis ligações ao japonês e às línguas altaicas. O sistema de escrita coreano, chamado Hangul, foi inventado no século XV pelo rei Sejong, o Grande para substituir o sistema de caracteres chineses, conhecidos na Coreia como Hanja, que já não estão em uso oficial no Norte. A Coréia do Norte continua a usar a romanização McCune-Reischauer do coreano, contrastando com o Sul que reviu a romanização no ano 2000.
A Coreia tem uma herança budista e confucionista, com comunidades cristãs e do Chondogyo tradicional (a “Via Celeste”). Pyongyang, a capital da Coreia do Norte, era o centro de actividade cristã antes da Guerra da Coréia.
Informações extras:
Chefe de Estado: Kim Jong Il desde Julho de 1994 (único à concorrer como Chefe de Estado)
Presidente: Kim Yong Nam (único à concorrer como Presidente)
Primeiro Ministro: Kim Yong Il
Independência do Japão: Declarada em 15 de Agosto de 1945, mas somente reconhecida em 09 de Setembro.
População: 23.479.008 (Estimativa de Julho de 2008)
Capital: Pyongyang (평양)
Língua: Coreano
Religião: Budismo e Confucionismo. Há também Cristãos e crentes da religião Chongogyo (Religião do Caminho para o Céu). Quase não existem religiões autônomas.
Moeda: Won Norte Coreano
República da Coréia (Coréia do Sul)
대한민국 (República da Coréia)
대한민국 (República da Coréia)
A bandeira nacional da Coréia do Sul apresenta no seu centro um círculo dividido em vermelho vivo (em cima) e azul (em baixo) num campo em branco.
Tanto o círculo como os quatro desenhos em preto nos cantos são ricos em simbolismo. Representado na bandeira vê-se um círculo dividido em partes iguais e delineado em perfeito equilíbrio, representando o Absoluto, ou a unidade essencial de todo um ser.
As divisões representam na parte superior (vermelho) o “Yang” e a inferior (azul) o “Ying” antigo símbolo do universo originário da China. Esses dois opostos expressam o dualismo do cosmo, a eterna dualidade: fogo e água; dia e noite; escuridão e luz; construção e destruição; macho e fêmea; ativo e passivo; calor e frio; mais e menos; o ser e o não-ser; a vida e a morte; etc. A presença da dualidade dentro do Absoluto indica o paradoxo da vida e a impossibilidade de aprendê-la integralmente. As combinações de barras representam os quatro pontos cardeais e os quatro mares que limitam o globo. As três barras em cada canto dão a idéia de posição e equilíbrio.
– As três linhas inteiras representam o céu;
– As três linhas quebradas do lado oposto representam a terra;
– Na extremidade inferior esquerda da bandeira, há duas linhas inteiras com uma partida no meio. Isso simboliza o fogo;
– Do lado contrário o símbolo da água;
O fato de as barras serem apenas de dois tipos (curtas e longas) e ainda assim poderem ser dispostas de muitas maneiras – das quais os conjuntos de barras da bandeira constituem apenas exemplos – indica a diversidade que pode surgir da simplicidade essencial.
A Coreia do Sul é uma república semi-presidencialista. O chefe de estado da República da Coreia é o presidente, eleito por voto directo popular para um único mandato de cinco anos. Além de ser o mais alto representante da república e o comandante-em-chefe das forças armadas, o presidente também tem consideráveis poderes executivos e nomeia o primeiro-ministro depois de aprovado pelo parlamento, além de também nomear e presidir o Conselho de Estado, ou governo.
O atual presidente do país é o ex-executivo da Hyundai Lee Myung Bak. Ele venceu as eleições em dezembro de 2007.
이명박 (Lee Myung Bak) - Fonte: Daum Blog
이명박 (Lee Myung Bak) - Fonte: Daum Blog
A Coreia do Sul possui a décima segunda maior economia do mundo (14ª pela paridade de poder aquisitivo) e a terceira maior da Ásia, atrás apenas do Japão e da China (e da Índia, por PPA). Sendo principal dos tigres asiáticos, o país atingiu um rápido crescimento econômico com a exportação de manufaturados, um forte contraste em relação à estagnação econômica da Coreia do Norte, que piorou com o colapso da União Soviética. O PIB per capita da Coreia do Sul é cerca de 12 vezes maior que o norte-coreano.
Na década de 1950, a Coreia do Sul era um dos países mais pobres da Ásia. Ao final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, o país herdou um sistema econômico colonial projetado apenas para as necessidades japonesas. Grande parte da infra-estrutura do país foi destruída durante a Guerra da Coreia (1950-1953). Após a guerra, a Coreia do Sul tornou-se muito dependente do auxílio norte-americano.
Esse crescimento fenomenal é muitas vezes chamado de “milagre do rio Han”, que é o principal rio que passa pela capital e maior cidade do país, Seul. Nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, o crescimento continuou enquanto a Coreia do Sul transformava-se de exportadora de tecidos e sapatos em um grande produtor global de automóveis, eletrônicos, navios e aço e, mais tarde, campos de alta-tecnologia, como monitores digitais, celulares e semicondutores.
O modelo sul-coreano de encorajar o crescimento de companhias grandes e competitivas internacionalmente através de financiamento fácil e incentivos fiscais levaram à dominância dos conglomerados controlados por famílias, conhecidos como chaebol, que cresceram com o apoio do regime Park. Algumas viraram corporações globais, como Hyundai, Samsung, Daewoo, LG e Pantech. Em 2004, combinando tudo isso, a Coreia do Sul entrou no “clube das economias globais trilionárias”.
A Coreia do Sul partilha a sua cultura tradicional com a Coreia do Norte. Ao longo da história, a cultura coreana foi influenciada pela da China. Hoje, os papéis invertem-se, com uma crescente influência coreana na China no que diz respeito à música popular, cinema, à moda e aos programas de televisão (hallyu).
A cultura tradicional também foi influenciada pelo budismo, taoísmo e confucionismo. Muitos grandes sábios e filósofos viveram na Coreia, mas são mal conhecidos no exterior devido ao antigo isolacionismo do país.
Desde a sua divisão em dois estados separados, as duas coreias desenvolveram distintas formas culturais contemporâneas.
Como uma forma de treinamento Militar, o Exército Sul Coreano usa uma técnica de auto-defesa Chamada Taekwondo, na qual os movimentos básicos são os chutes."
-https://s2ingayo.wordpress.com/historia-da-coreia/
Primeiro Ministro: Han Seung Soo
Independência do Japão: Declarada em 01 de Março de 1919, mas apenas liberta em 15 de Outubro de 1945.
População: 48.379.392 (Estimativa de Julho de 2008)
Capital: Seul (서울)
Língua: Coreano
Religião: Cristianismo 26.3% (Protestante 19.7%, Católicos 6.6%), Budismo 23.2%, outros ou desconhecidos 1.3%, Ateu 49.3%.
Moeda: Won
História:
A península da Coréia (formada pela Coréia do Norte e do Sul) está localizada no noroeste da Ásia e faz divisa com a China e a Rússia, ao norte, e com o Oceano Pacífico e o Japão, a leste e sul.
Imagem por Folha Online
Imagem por Folha Online
Historiadores garantem que os primeiros habitantes chegaram à Coréia há 500 mil anos. Em 2333 a.C. Dan-Gun (considerado o pai da civilização coreana) fundou o primeiro reino da Coréia. O país foi sendo construído com uma cultura altamente sofisticada e sob valores éticos e morais, que fizeram os vizinhos chamá-los de “Civilizada Terra do Leste” ou “Reino do Diamante”.
단군(Dan-Gun)
단군(Dan-Gun), pai da civilização coreana. Imagem por Daum Blog.
Várias dinastias dominaram a Coréia, sendo a mais emblemática delas a dinastia Joseon, que comandou o país entre 1392 e 1910. Muitos dos ícones da cultura sul-coreana foram construídos neste período.
Em agosto de 1948 a península do Coréia foi dividida em duas repúblicas: República da Coréia (Coréia do Sul) e a República Popular Democrática da Coréia (Coréia do Norte). Começou assim a Guerra da Coréia.
Guerra da Coréia
A Guerra da Coreia foi travada entre 25 de Junho de 1950 e 27 de Julho de 1953, de um lado a Coréia do Sul e seus aliados, que incluíam os Estados Unidos da América e o Reino Unido, e do outro a Coréia do Norte, apoiada pela República Popular da China e pela antiga União Soviética. O resultado foi a manutenção da divisão da península da Coréia em dois países, que dura até aos dias de hoje.
A península da Coreia é cortada pelo paralelo 38° N, uma linha demarcatória que divide dois exércitos, dois Estados: a República da Coreia, a sul, e a República Popular Democrática da Coreia, a norte. Essa demarcação, existente desde 1945 por um acordo entre os governos de Moscou e Washington, dividiu o povo coreano em dois sistemas políticos opostos: no norte o comunismo apoiado pela União Soviética, e, no sul, o capitalismo apoiado pelos Estados Unidos.
Em 3 de Julho de 1950, depois de várias tentativas para derrubar o governo do sul, a Coreia do Norte ataca de surpresa e toma Seul, a capital. […] Em Setembro, as forças das Nações Unidas começam uma ambiciosa ofensiva para retomar a costa oeste, ocupada pelo exército norte-coreano. No dia 15 desse mês, chegam com certa facilidade a Incheon, perto de Seul, e algumas horas depois entram na cidade ocupada. Os setenta mil soldados norte-coreanos são vencidos pelos cento e quarenta mil soldados das Nações Unidas. Cinco dias depois, exatamente três meses após o início das hostilidades, Seul é libertada. […] No primeiro dia de Outubro, as forças internacionais violam a fronteira do paralelo 38, como os coreanos haviam feito, e avançam para a Coreia do Norte.
Durante quase três anos, o povo coreano, uma das mais notáveis culturas da Ásia, foi envolvido em uma brutal guerra fratricida, violentíssima de ambos os lados.
Em 23 de Junho começam as negociações de paz, que duram dois anos e resultam num acordo assinado em Panmunjon, em 27 de Julho de 1953.
O único resultado é o cessar-fogo. Na guerra coreana morreram cerca de três milhões e meio de pessoas. O tratado de paz ainda não foi assinado, e a Coreia continua dividida em Norte e Sul.
República Popular Democrática da Coréia (Coréia do Norte)
조선 민주주의 인민 공화국 (República Democrática Popular da Coreia)
조선 민주주의 인민 공화국 (República Democrática Popular da Coreia)
A bandeira nacional da Coreia do Norte foi adoptada em 8 de Setembro de 1948 . A cor azul simboliza o desejo do povo pela paz A cor vermelha representa o espírito revolucionário e a luta pelo Socialismo. A cor branca simboliza a pureza dos ideais da Coréia do Norte e a soberania nacional. A estrela de 5 pontas representa a esperança de construir o Socialismo sob a liderança do Partido do Trabalho da Córeia.
A República Popular Democrática da Coreia é uma ditadura proletária estabelecida por Kim Il-sung desde o final da década de 1940 até a sua morte, em 1994, quando o cargo de líder máximo passa para seu filho, Kim Jong Il.
김정일 (Kim Jong Il) - Fonte: Daum Blog
김정일 (Kim Jong Il) - Fonte: Daum Blog
Pela estrutura política, […] pode-se bem afirmar que a Coreia do Norte é o último país stalinista do planeta, pois adota um sistema de governo muito similar àquele adotado na União Soviética durante a ditadura de Josef Stalin. Como tal, promove repressões políticas aos opositores, prendendo-os, torturando-os, executando-os ou enviando-os aos campos de trabalho forçado, os chamados gulags.
A Coreia do Norte assinou com os EUA em 1999 um acordo pelo qual os norte-coreanos abriam mão do seu programa nuclear em troca de combustível enviado, porém sob a administração de George W. Bush os EUA descumpriram sua parte do acordo, o que combinado com um crescimento das hostilidades da potência norte-americana, levou a Coréia do Norte a acelerar o seu programa nuclear.
O país afirmou ter o direito de testar tais mísseis, pois é um país soberano. O Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas adotou dia 15 de julho daquele ano uma resolução impondo sanções à Coreia do Norte por seus testes de mísseis. Em 9 de Outubro de 2006, a Coréia do Norte teria realizado um teste subterrâneo de um artefato nuclear. Dias depois, as sanções voltaram em vigor, pois o Conselho de Segurança da ONU considerou uma ameaça à paz mundial. Até a China, principal aliada da Coréia do Norte, apoiou a implantação das sanções.
Após adiar a operação por um dia, a Coréia do Norte lançou no dia 5 de Abril de 2009 um foguete de longo alcance que teoricamente estaria levando um satélite de comunicações à órbita da Terra, levando tensão à Ásia.
A ação norte-coreana foi confirmada por diversas fontes, como o governo da Coréia do Sul, agência local “Yonhap” e a rede de TV sul-coreana KBS. A informação foi confirmada em seguida pelo Departamento de Estado dos EUA, governo japonês e a agência de notícias japonesa Kyodo. A operação foi registrada pelos radares do sistema de defesa da Rússia, instalados no Extremo Oriente.
A cultura contemporânea da Coréia do Norte é baseada na cultura tradicional da Coreia, mas desenvolvida desde o estabelecimento da Coréia do Norte em 1948. Os coreanos são aptos a desenvolver uma cultura única, enquanto adotam e influenciam culturas vizinhas por 3.000 anos.
A população da Coréia do Norte é uma das populações mais homogéneas do mundo, étnica e linguisticamente, incluindo apenas pequenas comunidades chinesas e japonesas. A língua coreana não faz parte de nenhuma família linguística maior, embora se investiguem possíveis ligações ao japonês e às línguas altaicas. O sistema de escrita coreano, chamado Hangul, foi inventado no século XV pelo rei Sejong, o Grande para substituir o sistema de caracteres chineses, conhecidos na Coreia como Hanja, que já não estão em uso oficial no Norte. A Coréia do Norte continua a usar a romanização McCune-Reischauer do coreano, contrastando com o Sul que reviu a romanização no ano 2000.
A Coreia tem uma herança budista e confucionista, com comunidades cristãs e do Chondogyo tradicional (a “Via Celeste”). Pyongyang, a capital da Coreia do Norte, era o centro de actividade cristã antes da Guerra da Coréia.
Informações extras:
Chefe de Estado: Kim Jong Il desde Julho de 1994 (único à concorrer como Chefe de Estado)
Presidente: Kim Yong Nam (único à concorrer como Presidente)
Primeiro Ministro: Kim Yong Il
Independência do Japão: Declarada em 15 de Agosto de 1945, mas somente reconhecida em 09 de Setembro.
População: 23.479.008 (Estimativa de Julho de 2008)
Capital: Pyongyang (평양)
Língua: Coreano
Religião: Budismo e Confucionismo. Há também Cristãos e crentes da religião Chongogyo (Religião do Caminho para o Céu). Quase não existem religiões autônomas.
Moeda: Won Norte Coreano
República da Coréia (Coréia do Sul)
대한민국 (República da Coréia)
대한민국 (República da Coréia)
A bandeira nacional da Coréia do Sul apresenta no seu centro um círculo dividido em vermelho vivo (em cima) e azul (em baixo) num campo em branco.
Tanto o círculo como os quatro desenhos em preto nos cantos são ricos em simbolismo. Representado na bandeira vê-se um círculo dividido em partes iguais e delineado em perfeito equilíbrio, representando o Absoluto, ou a unidade essencial de todo um ser.
As divisões representam na parte superior (vermelho) o “Yang” e a inferior (azul) o “Ying” antigo símbolo do universo originário da China. Esses dois opostos expressam o dualismo do cosmo, a eterna dualidade: fogo e água; dia e noite; escuridão e luz; construção e destruição; macho e fêmea; ativo e passivo; calor e frio; mais e menos; o ser e o não-ser; a vida e a morte; etc. A presença da dualidade dentro do Absoluto indica o paradoxo da vida e a impossibilidade de aprendê-la integralmente. As combinações de barras representam os quatro pontos cardeais e os quatro mares que limitam o globo. As três barras em cada canto dão a idéia de posição e equilíbrio.
– As três linhas inteiras representam o céu;
– As três linhas quebradas do lado oposto representam a terra;
– Na extremidade inferior esquerda da bandeira, há duas linhas inteiras com uma partida no meio. Isso simboliza o fogo;
– Do lado contrário o símbolo da água;
O fato de as barras serem apenas de dois tipos (curtas e longas) e ainda assim poderem ser dispostas de muitas maneiras – das quais os conjuntos de barras da bandeira constituem apenas exemplos – indica a diversidade que pode surgir da simplicidade essencial.
A Coreia do Sul é uma república semi-presidencialista. O chefe de estado da República da Coreia é o presidente, eleito por voto directo popular para um único mandato de cinco anos. Além de ser o mais alto representante da república e o comandante-em-chefe das forças armadas, o presidente também tem consideráveis poderes executivos e nomeia o primeiro-ministro depois de aprovado pelo parlamento, além de também nomear e presidir o Conselho de Estado, ou governo.
O atual presidente do país é o ex-executivo da Hyundai Lee Myung Bak. Ele venceu as eleições em dezembro de 2007.
이명박 (Lee Myung Bak) - Fonte: Daum Blog
이명박 (Lee Myung Bak) - Fonte: Daum Blog
A Coreia do Sul possui a décima segunda maior economia do mundo (14ª pela paridade de poder aquisitivo) e a terceira maior da Ásia, atrás apenas do Japão e da China (e da Índia, por PPA). Sendo principal dos tigres asiáticos, o país atingiu um rápido crescimento econômico com a exportação de manufaturados, um forte contraste em relação à estagnação econômica da Coreia do Norte, que piorou com o colapso da União Soviética. O PIB per capita da Coreia do Sul é cerca de 12 vezes maior que o norte-coreano.
Na década de 1950, a Coreia do Sul era um dos países mais pobres da Ásia. Ao final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, o país herdou um sistema econômico colonial projetado apenas para as necessidades japonesas. Grande parte da infra-estrutura do país foi destruída durante a Guerra da Coreia (1950-1953). Após a guerra, a Coreia do Sul tornou-se muito dependente do auxílio norte-americano.
Esse crescimento fenomenal é muitas vezes chamado de “milagre do rio Han”, que é o principal rio que passa pela capital e maior cidade do país, Seul. Nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, o crescimento continuou enquanto a Coreia do Sul transformava-se de exportadora de tecidos e sapatos em um grande produtor global de automóveis, eletrônicos, navios e aço e, mais tarde, campos de alta-tecnologia, como monitores digitais, celulares e semicondutores.
O modelo sul-coreano de encorajar o crescimento de companhias grandes e competitivas internacionalmente através de financiamento fácil e incentivos fiscais levaram à dominância dos conglomerados controlados por famílias, conhecidos como chaebol, que cresceram com o apoio do regime Park. Algumas viraram corporações globais, como Hyundai, Samsung, Daewoo, LG e Pantech. Em 2004, combinando tudo isso, a Coreia do Sul entrou no “clube das economias globais trilionárias”.
A Coreia do Sul partilha a sua cultura tradicional com a Coreia do Norte. Ao longo da história, a cultura coreana foi influenciada pela da China. Hoje, os papéis invertem-se, com uma crescente influência coreana na China no que diz respeito à música popular, cinema, à moda e aos programas de televisão (hallyu).
A cultura tradicional também foi influenciada pelo budismo, taoísmo e confucionismo. Muitos grandes sábios e filósofos viveram na Coreia, mas são mal conhecidos no exterior devido ao antigo isolacionismo do país.
Desde a sua divisão em dois estados separados, as duas coreias desenvolveram distintas formas culturais contemporâneas.
Como uma forma de treinamento Militar, o Exército Sul Coreano usa uma técnica de auto-defesa Chamada Taekwondo, na qual os movimentos básicos são os chutes."
-https://s2ingayo.wordpress.com/historia-da-coreia/
10
Korean Music / The origins of KPOP
« Last post by Tysh on February 19, 2018, 03:06:07 pm »"K-pop, an abbreviation of Korean pop, is a musical genre originating in South Korea that is characterized by a wide variety of audiovisual elements. Although it comprises all genres of "popular music" within South Korea, the term is more often used in a narrower sense to describe a modern form of South Korean pop music covering mostly dance-pop, pop ballad, electronic, rock, hip-hop, R&B, etc. Kpop is fairly similar to American pop, but with quite a few cultural differences."
-https://prezi.com/0qdlk_ahtwva/the-history-of-kpop/
"1989 SM Entertainment Lee Soo Man founds what would become the largest and most successful Kpop company to date.
1992 Kpop is Born Seo Taiji and The Boys became a wildly popular group, implementing American rap, rock, and techno into its music. A dance group, Korean pop music is still dominated by dance groups to this day.
1997 JYP Entertainment Kpop artist Park Jin Young founds JYPE which would house mega star Rain and acts such as 2PM, 2AM, and Miss A.
1997 Asia in Financial Crisis The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis that spread from Thailand to Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, and eventually South Korea put the financial world in a state of high alert. South Korea received the single largest IMF loan in history at $58 billion and after painful economic times rebounded. The IMF loan and issues of debt would continue to be held in negative regard by the Korean public.
1998 Kpop Rises An SM group, H.O.T. tops Taiwanese charts. Kpop, along with Korean dramas and film, begin to gain international fanbases.
1998 YG Entertainment Yang Hyun Suk, a former member of Seo Taiji and the Boys, founds the second largest Kpop Company YG. It would house Psy, Big Bang, and 2NE1.
2001 Japan Enters the Fray Another SM artist BoA tops Japan’s Oricon chart and begins the trend of Kpop groups moving on to do large volumes of work and press in Japan after developing popularity in Korea. Japan will prove to be the largest market for Korean cultural products.
2011 The New Triple Alliance The “Big Three’ companies and other Entertainment corporations come together and form United Asia Management.
2/18/2012 La musique de Corée Kpop finds its way to Paris as the popular show Music Bank holds a massive concert in the Bercy Stadium. The 10,000 tickets sold out within minutes.
7/15/12 Gangnam Style What can be said. It is the most viewed video on Youtube (thus arguably the internet) and has entranced the world and everyone’s grandmothers."
-https://cynicalkpop.wordpress.com/korean-development/
-https://prezi.com/0qdlk_ahtwva/the-history-of-kpop/
"1989 SM Entertainment Lee Soo Man founds what would become the largest and most successful Kpop company to date.
1992 Kpop is Born Seo Taiji and The Boys became a wildly popular group, implementing American rap, rock, and techno into its music. A dance group, Korean pop music is still dominated by dance groups to this day.
1997 JYP Entertainment Kpop artist Park Jin Young founds JYPE which would house mega star Rain and acts such as 2PM, 2AM, and Miss A.
1997 Asia in Financial Crisis The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis that spread from Thailand to Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, and eventually South Korea put the financial world in a state of high alert. South Korea received the single largest IMF loan in history at $58 billion and after painful economic times rebounded. The IMF loan and issues of debt would continue to be held in negative regard by the Korean public.
1998 Kpop Rises An SM group, H.O.T. tops Taiwanese charts. Kpop, along with Korean dramas and film, begin to gain international fanbases.
1998 YG Entertainment Yang Hyun Suk, a former member of Seo Taiji and the Boys, founds the second largest Kpop Company YG. It would house Psy, Big Bang, and 2NE1.
2001 Japan Enters the Fray Another SM artist BoA tops Japan’s Oricon chart and begins the trend of Kpop groups moving on to do large volumes of work and press in Japan after developing popularity in Korea. Japan will prove to be the largest market for Korean cultural products.
2011 The New Triple Alliance The “Big Three’ companies and other Entertainment corporations come together and form United Asia Management.
2/18/2012 La musique de Corée Kpop finds its way to Paris as the popular show Music Bank holds a massive concert in the Bercy Stadium. The 10,000 tickets sold out within minutes.
7/15/12 Gangnam Style What can be said. It is the most viewed video on Youtube (thus arguably the internet) and has entranced the world and everyone’s grandmothers."
-https://cynicalkpop.wordpress.com/korean-development/